Engineers Without Borders (EWB)

• If a small town cannot afford the services of an engineer to improve a water supply system, should engineers voluntarily work on the project? Why or why not?
• If so, should they only volunteer for projects started by local communities, or should they suggest opportunities?

Water for Belize

In the late 1990s, Bernard Amadei, a civil engineer from the University of Colorado at Boulder developed a water supply system for a small rural community in Belize. The village had no water delivery system and adults worked long hours at a nearby banana plantation. With no fresh water immediately available, children spent their days walking back and forth, carrying buckets of water from a nearby river to their village. Amadei and his engineering students developed and built a distribution system that carried water to the village. The project gave the young children the opportunity to attend school and learn how to read and write. Engineers Without Borders USA. (n.d.). Our story.

How Does EWB Get Involved?

This small project drove Amadei and his students to found an American chapter of Engineers Without Borders in 2001 (EWB-USA). EWB began in France, Spain, and Italy in the 1980s and 1990s. These organizations of university engineering students work on the premise that large social impacts can come from small investments and ongoing diligence. For example, projects have included:

• A health clinic in rural Peru
• An electrical grid for lighting, computers, and internet access for a public school in Haiti
• A simple stove in Bolivia to reduce air pollution and use of wood, a precious natural resource

In order for the projects to become self-sustaining, EWB trains members of the communities that it works with to maintain the projects once the EWB engineers leave.

Social responsibilities, social entrepreneurship, and developing countries

How can engineering students develop good designs while integrating social responsibility issues into practice? Student chapters of EWB and similar organizations often join forces with social entrepreneurship programs to learn about the social and ethical implications of their work in a different culture. Successfully introducing new technologies to act in the public’s interests requires a good match between innovation and local communities. Villages in Africa and India have recently embraced two student engineering projects quite differently: cook stoves and “twig lights.” National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance. (n.d.). Arizona State University: Gel-fuel and the twig light profile. (nciia.org/taxonomy/term/51)

Cook stoves

Cook stove projects identified problems with an existing technology but the long-term value of such projects has been questioned. Traditionally, women in rural villages prepare meals in unventilated kitchens, with open wood-burning stoves. Because the smoky indoor climate results in respiratory problems for most women and many children, engineers in the course of several projects have designed small, enclosed, wood-burning stoves. EWB-Washington University. (2009). Cook stove project. (ewbwashu.org/node/31)Georgia Institute of Technology. (2011). Clean cookstoves. (ewb-gt.org/?page_id=1568) Observational and laboratory studies suggest new stoves reduce indoor air pollution and ought to improve health. However, a study of introducing inexpensive enclosed stoves in Orissa, India over a four-year period found new stoves did not result in the expected changes. Many households did not install or maintain new stoves and those that did failed to substantially change their cooking patterns. On average, households only used the new stoves for three meals a week. Further, the study was unable to show health improvements or reductions in green house gas emissions. Hanna, R., Duflo, E., & Greenstone, M. (2012, April 30). Up in smoke: The influence of household behavior on the long-run impact of improved cooking stoves. MIT Department of Economics Working Paper No. 12-10. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. NBER Working Paper No. 18033. National Bureau of Economic Research. (www.nber.org/papers/w18033)

Twig lights

GlobalResolve, a student initiative similar to EWB, has introduced “twig lights,” which, in contrast, have been very successful. Georgia Institute of Technology. (2011). Clean cookstoves. (ewb-gt.org/?page_id=1568) Villages in developing countries often have limited access to electricity and, when the sun goes down, students put down books and papers too. Electricity for other small devices, such as cell phones or radios, is also lacking. In a twig light, heat derived from burning twigs, charcoal, or other biomass drives a generator that can power an array of LED lights or other small electronics. In most instances, twig lights become an instant success. Everyone wants to use the lights and power, and villagers are eager to help make and take care of them. Goodier, R. (2010, November 8). The twig light: Wood-burning power for off-grid communities. Engineering for change. (www.engineeringforchange.org/news/2010/11/08/the_twig_light_wood_burning_power_for_off_grid_communities.html)

Understanding context

• Would the design of new technologies suit the local culture and their habits?
• Would people accept innovations and use them, or would they go back to ways that they were more comfortable using?
• Would villagers be able to manage sustainable development under conditions of poverty?
• Who would the engineers help train in order to keep the technologies working once the engineers left?

Engineers' Social Responsibilities: Questions to Consider

• EWB chapters and related groups started their projects to develop water supplies, cook stoves, and generators described above with the goal of benefiting the communities they worked with. What kinds of risks might the projects also create? Who should be involved in determining what risks are acceptable in a development project?
• One reason that engineers have social responsibilities is their expertise. Is it possible, however, for the notion of expertise to hinder work in developing countries?